Um dos textos da lista é "De Facto and De Jure Property Rights: Land Settlement and Land Conflict on the Brazilian Frontier in the 19th Century", de Lee J. Alston, Edwyna Harris e Bernardo Mueller.
O texto ressalta a importância crucial da política na definição das regras econômicas.
Examina a evolução da ocupação da fronteira agrícola no Brasil no século XIX e analisa a interação entre a ocupação de terra e a emergência de direitos de propriedade de facto, antes mesmo do estabelecimento e garantia de direitos de proprieade "de jure" (de papel passado) pelo governo.
Segundo os autores, em algum momento, surge uma "demanda por exclusividade maior do que pode ser sustentado por arranjos informais de propriedade comum, e os ocupantes irão demandar direitos de propriedade de jure, ou seja, títulos formais".
Embora haja evidências históricas claras no sentido contrário à afirmação dos autores, segundo a qual o governo tendeu a alocar os direitos de propriedade àqueles que ocuparam a terra primeiro, a conclusão válida e mais importante é a de que "a decisão de realmente policiar os direitos de propriedade 'de jure' depende da existência de interesses políticos neste sentido".
Leia o texto completo.
O texto ressalta a importância crucial da política na definição das regras econômicas.
Examina a evolução da ocupação da fronteira agrícola no Brasil no século XIX e analisa a interação entre a ocupação de terra e a emergência de direitos de propriedade de facto, antes mesmo do estabelecimento e garantia de direitos de proprieade "de jure" (de papel passado) pelo governo.
Segundo os autores, em algum momento, surge uma "demanda por exclusividade maior do que pode ser sustentado por arranjos informais de propriedade comum, e os ocupantes irão demandar direitos de propriedade de jure, ou seja, títulos formais".
Embora haja evidências históricas claras no sentido contrário à afirmação dos autores, segundo a qual o governo tendeu a alocar os direitos de propriedade àqueles que ocuparam a terra primeiro, a conclusão válida e mais importante é a de que "a decisão de realmente policiar os direitos de propriedade 'de jure' depende da existência de interesses políticos neste sentido".
Leia o texto completo.
Eis a lista dos demais textos:
NEP: New Economics Papers
Business, Economic and Financial History
Edited by:
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Bernardo
Batiz-Lazo
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Bangor University
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Issue date:
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2011-11-07
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Papers:
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22
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To sign off this list, go to
http://lists.repec.org/mailman/options/nep-his
In this issue we have:
John H. Munro
Arimoto, Yutaka; Nakajima, Kentaro; Okazaki, Tetsuji
Michael D Bordo; Owen F Humpage; Anna J Schwartz
PEDRO GARCIA DUARTE
Kurosaki, Takashi
Suzuki, Hitoshi
Arimoto, Yutaka
De Witte, K.; Van Klaveren, C.; Smets, A.
Fialho de Oliveira Ramos, D.N.
Tim Leunig; Joachim Voth
岡崎, 哲二
RENATO PERIM COLISTETE
James Bessen; Alessandro Nuvolari
Ferreira, Pedro Cavalcanti; Pessôa, Samuel; Santos, Marcelo Rodrigues
Thi Hong Van Hoang
Nakabayashi, Masaki; Okazaki, Tetsuji
MAURO BOIANOVSKY
BERNARDO MUELLER; LEE ALSTON; EDWYNA HARRIS
Jain, Tarun
Alain Béraud
Fábio Pesavento
Robert Rich; Joseph Tracy
Contents.
Date:
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2011-10-17
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By:
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John H. Munro
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URL:
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This
(revised) study seeks to examine the rise, expansion, and ultimate
decline of the Italian wool-based textile industries over a period
of six centuries (from ca. 1100 to ca. 1730). An international trade
model combining transaction costs and comparative advantage is employed
to explain the changing fortunes of the Italian cloth industries over
these six centuries, in competition with their
major northern rivals, in the Low Countries and England, who fought for
market dominance both within Europe and abroad, in the Islamic world,
in particular the Mamlūk and then Ottoman domains in the Levant
(eastern Mediterranean). The transaction costs model
is used to explain in particular which branches of this textile
industry fared better and which fared worse during the Commercial
Revolution era (ca. 1100-ca.1320), the so-called Great Depression era
(ca. 1320-ca. 1460), the ensuing economic recovery and Price
Revolution era (ca. 1460-ca. 1620), the General Crisis of the
seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries (ca. 1620-ca.1740), to the
eve of the Industrial Revolution era. One of the major errors in the
literature is the failure to distinguish between the two
main branches of the wool-based cloth industries, the technology of
their industrial production, their relative prices, and markets, and the
impact of transaction costs in international trade. For much of this
era, the leading branch was the luxury-oriented
woollens industry (Old Draperies), based on very fine, short-stapled
English and then Spanish merino wools, producing fulled, heavy-weight,
and generally high priced cloths. In the earlier and later periods, the
other branch prevailed (New Draperies): the
lighter-weight (unfulled), generally coarser and cheaper fabrics that
were either full worsteds (cheap, coarse, long-stapled wools) or serges
(hybrids with worsted warps and woollen wefts). The transition from a
predominance of the lighter, worsted-style fabrics
to the heavy-weight woollens, throughout western Europe, took place
from the 1290s, with a rapid rise in transaction costs that were the
direct and indirect result of a spreading stain of international
warfare, especially injurious to overland trade routes,
combined with a drastic fall in population, that engulfed most of
Europe and the Mediterranean basin until the 1460s. That rise in
transportation and transaction costs (determined by market scale
economies) set a cost-price floor below which international
trade in cheaper textiles became unprofitable: so much so that most
West European wool-based industries re-oriented their production towards
luxury markets, with far higher prices sustained by price-making
monopolistic competition better able to withstand
the rise of such costs, an impossible solution for those marketing
cheap textiles as price-takers in Mediterranean markets. Such problems
were less severe for the Italian industries, whose markets were chiefly
in the Mediterranean; and thus the transition
to luxury production was far less complete than in the north. The
comparative advantage model is based on the price that woollen-cloth
producers in both the Low Countries and Italy had to pay in that luxury
re-orientation: a total dependence on the finest
English wools as the prime component of luxury quality. From the late
1330s, English monarchs took advantage of that dependence by imposing
exorbitant taxes on wool-exports, with even higher taxes imposed on
Italian merchants, ultimately depriving them of
almost all such wools by the early fifteenth century. At the same time,
English clothiers were able to weave luxury-quality cloths from the
very same wools, but free of any such taxes, giving them an almost
insuperable cost advantage over all foreign woollen
manufacturers. But England's comparative advantage in its wool supply,
though finally giving them mastery of northern markets for luxury
woollens, was undermined, during the later fifteenth, early sixteenth
century, by the development of fine but much cheaper
merino wools in Spain, which Italians could acquire with lower
transport costs. The other change undermining the supremacy of English
and other woollens industry was the sharp fall in transaction costs by
the late fifteenth, early sixteenth centuries: with
the decline in warfare, the recovery and growth of population, and with
technological advances in both ocean and land transport, especially the
latter with a major transition in long-distance trade from maritime to
overland continental routes. Along with that
decline in costs came a revival and expansion of the lighter, cheaper
textile industries, though chiefly in the Low Countries and England,
more so than in Italy, despite the continued predominance of
Mediterranean markets. For woollens, the Italian industries,
especially the Venetian, gained the comparative advantage in wools:
with much cheaper access to (now more expensive) Spanish merinos. But in
the Mediterranean and especially Ottoman markets the English finally
gained supremacy over both the Florentine and
Venetian woollens industries, by the later seventeenth century, from a
new comparative advantage, in capital formation: from superior business
organization (the new joint stock companies) and naval power (large,
heavily gunned, swift carracks). The so-called
General Crisis era of the later seventeenth century had again favoured
maritime routes, and thus sea-power, over land routes. At the same time
the Tudor-Stuart enclosure movements, in transforming English sheep --
from small sheep with fine short-stapled to
larger (meatier) sheep with coarser, long-stapled fleeces, gave
England's worsted-style New Draperies a comparative advantage in wool
supplies over all its continental rivals, including the Italian; and by
the 1730s, both branches of the Italian wool-based
textile industries had succumbed to foreign competition, and become
moribund.
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Keywords:
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wools;
woollens; worsteds; serges; rascie; dyestuffs; scarlets; transaction
costs; comparative advantage; Florence; Tuscany; Lombardy; Venetia;
Venice; Ottoman Empire; Old Draperies; New Draperies; Spain; merino
wools; Enclosures; Levant Company
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JEL:
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D23
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Date:
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2011-02
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By:
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Arimoto, Yutaka
Nakajima, Kentaro Okazaki, Tetsuji |
URL:
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We
examine two sources of productivity improvement in the specialized
industrial clusters of the early twentieth century Japanese silk-reeling
industry. Agglomeration improves the productivity of each plant through
positive externalities, shifting plant-level productivity distribution
to the right. Selection expels less productive plants through
competition, truncating distribution on the left. We
find no evidence confirming a right shift in the distribution in
clusters or that agglomeration promotes faster productivity growth.
Rather, the distribution in clusters was severely left truncated, even
for younger plants. These findings imply that the plant-selection
effect was the source of higher productivity in the Japanese
silk-reeling clusters.
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Keywords:
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Economic geography, Heterogenous firms, Industrial clusters, Productivity
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JEL:
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R12
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Date:
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2011
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By:
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Michael D Bordo
Owen F Humpage Anna J Schwartz |
URL:
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The
United States all but abandoned its foreign-exchange-market
intervention operations in late 1995, when they proved corrosive to the
credibility
of the Federal Reserve?s commitment to price stability. We view this
decision as the culmination of the evolution of U.S. monetary policy
over the past century from a gold standard to a fiat money regime. The
abandonment of intervention was necessary to secure
monetary policy credibility.
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Keywords:
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Foreign exchange market ; Monetary policy - United States ; Federal Open Market Committee
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Date:
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2011
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By:
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PEDRO GARCIA DUARTE (USP/FEA)
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URL:
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Date:
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2011-02
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By:
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Kurosaki, Takashi
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URL:
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This
paper presents estimates for agricultural production data in areas
currently in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh from 1901/02 to 2001/02.
A salient feature of these estimates is that they correspond to current
international borders. The British Empire of India, which was broken up
in 1947 (in the so-called “Partition” of the Indian subcontinent),
covered areas of what are now India, Pakistan,
and Bangladesh. Although a rich accumulation of statistical documents
is available from the colonial period, there has been no rigorous
attempt to compile statistics corresponding to the current borders
during a period that includes years prior to 1947. This
is because the Partition broke up the Empire of India not only at the
provincial level (for which data are readily available) but also at the
district or lower levels of administration. This paper is an attempt to
fill this gap, focusing on production in crop
farming in I ndia, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Since neither the states
of Pakistan and Bangladesh nor the concept of such nations existed
during the early decades of the twentieth century, this exercise is
hypothetical to some extent. Nevertheless, because
farming activities are carried out on the soil of a region irrespective
of its political designation, the estimates presented in this paper
could shed new light on agricultural development in the three countries
over the long term.
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Date:
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2011-03
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By:
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Suzuki, Hitoshi
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URL:
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In
this translation draft of the first part of the author's
recently-published book in Japanese, entitled as "Rural-cities in
Contemporary
Iran: Revolution, War and the Structural Changes in the Rural Society,"
we are presenting the preliminary discussions on Iranian middle-sized
cities and towns which emerged in these 30 years or so. We start from
the explanations of the contents of the above-mentioned
book and do the reviewing of the preceding studies, followed by the
critical review of the studies on the Iranian revolution in 1979, and
the studies on Iran's recent political trends and the tendencies towards
the local governance, which was tempered and
collapsed with the appearance of President AhmadÄ«nejÄd. This consists
of the Introduction and the first parts of Chapter 1 of our book, and we
are expecting to finish translating the whole contents and to publish
it in the near future. We apologize for the
shortcoming s of this paper, for example some partial lack of
correspondence of its bibliography with the main contents, mainly
because of the technical reasons.
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Keywords:
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Iran, Rural societies, Urbanization, Social change, Social structure
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Date:
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2011-09
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By:
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Arimoto, Yutaka
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URL:
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This
paper studies an early participatory rural development program
implemented during the 1930s in Japan. This program selected several
villages
each year to draft and implement their own original development plans. I
discuss the implications of the features of the program on its
effectiveness. A detailed baseline survey conducted by the villagers
themselves helped them to objectively diagnose their
economic situations and understand their issues. The plans defined
clear numerical targets, allowing them to share goals and monitor
progress. The implementation of the plan was reinforced by frequent
communication and monitoring among neighbors and by an
incentive scheme that involved competition within a village. I use a
village-level panel dataset from the Hyogo prefecture to examine the
effects, under the difference-in-differences strategy. I find suggestive
evidence that the program helped foster the adoption
of cattle r aising and diversify agricultural production.
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Keywords:
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Participatory development, Rural development program, Crop diversification, Great Depression, Japan
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JEL:
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O10
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Date:
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2011
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By:
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De Witte, K.
Van Klaveren, C. Smets, A. |
URL:
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In
an attempt to stop the rampant suburbanization, which countries
experienced after World War II, a 'new town' policy was enrolled. As a
major objective, and related to its origins, new towns were effective
in attracting low and medium income households. Nowadays, cities and
municipalities experience an increased accountability in which
incentives are provided by 'naming and shaming'. This
paper focuses on an issue where both historical and local policy come
together: early school leaving. Using an iterative matching analysis, it
suggests how to account for differences in population and regional
characteristics. In other words, how to compare
and interpret early school leaving in new towns in a more `fair' way.
The results point out that (statistically) mitigating historical
differences is necessary, even though this does not necessarily means
that 'naming' is replaced by 'shaming'.
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Keywords:
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Urban Economics; New Town; Early School Leaving; Naming and Shaming; Iterative Matching, Urban Planning
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Date:
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2011-09-21
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By:
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Fialho de Oliveira Ramos, D.N.
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URL:
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Abstract:This
paper analyses the motivation behind the UN decision to establish the
LDC category in 1971. The reviewed literature highlights
conflicting interests of the actors involved. It provides a historical
account of the creation of the category and an international political
economy analysis of that process. Based on this literature, I argue that
the initial LDC identification process -
which set a precedent for future LDC categorizations - was manipulated
in order to generate a reduced list of small and economically and
politically insignificant countries. Contrary to the LDC official
narrative, this list served the interests of both donors
(by undermining UN’s implicit effort to normalize international
assistance) and other non-LDC developing countries (disturbed by the
creation of a positive discrimination within the group, favouring the
most disadvantaged among them). As a result of this
manipulation, co nsiderably less development-promoting efforts are
demanded from donors; which, in turn, does not significantly distress
the interests of other non-LDC, more advanced developing countries.
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Keywords:
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trade;aid;LDCs;UN;graduation;special and preferential treatment
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Date:
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2011-10
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By:
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Tim Leunig
Joachim Voth |
URL:
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New
inventions are good for economic growth, but equally important are
improvements in the way we make things - what's known as process
innovation.
Tim Leunig and Joachim Voth measure the impact of two such innovations -
mechanical cotton spinning and the motorcar assembly line - on the
world's material wellbeing.
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Keywords:
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Process
innovations, new goods, welfare, consumer surplus, mechanisation, mass
production, automobiles, cotton, industrial revolution, second
industrial revolution
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JEL:
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N22
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Date:
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2011-01
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By:
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岡崎, 哲二
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URL:
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This
paper investigates the sequence of trade liberalization in postwar
Japan and its determinants. As the Japanese government utilized the
foreign exchange allocation system as a tool for the industrial policy,
especially for protecting domestic industries, in the 1950s, trade
liberalization was considered to give a serious impact on those
industries, and designing the sequence of trade liberalization
was an important policy issue. We indentified the timing of
liberalization of each commodity using original official documents, and
examined what factors affected on the timing. It was found that in
designing the sequence of trade liberalization, the government
took into account of competitiveness of domestic industries and
survivability of small and medium-sized firms.
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Keywords:
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Trade liberalization, Political economy, Industrial policy, Foreign exchange, Japan
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JEL:
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F13
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Date:
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2011
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By:
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RENATO PERIM COLISTETE (USP/FEA)
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URL:
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Date:
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2011-10-13
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By:
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James Bessen
Alessandro Nuvolari |
URL:
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This
chapter documents instances from past centuries where inventors freely
shared knowledge of their innovations with other inventors. It
is widely believed that such knowledge sharing is a recent development,
as in Open Source Software. Our survey shows, instead, that innovators
have long practiced ?collective invention? at times, including in such
key technologies as steam engines, iron, steel,
and textiles. Generally, innovator behavior was substantially richer
than the heroic portrayal often found in textbooks and museums.
Knowledge sharing sometimes coexisted with patenting, at other times,
not, suggesting the importance of policy that accommodates
knowledge sharing to foster cumulative innovation.
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Keywords:
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technological change, knowledge sharing, collective invention, patents
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JEL:
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N70
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Date:
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2011-10
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By:
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Ferreira, Pedro Cavalcanti
Pessôa, Samuel Santos, Marcelo Rodrigues |
URL:
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- La vie et la mort du marché de l’or à la Bourse de Paris de 1948 à 2004.
Date:
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2011
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By:
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Thi
Hong Van Hoang (Professeur assistant en Finance au Groupe Sup de Co
Montpellier Business School, Montpellier Recherche en Management,
2300 avenue des Moulins, 34185 Montpellier.)
|
URL:
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Date:
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2011-01
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By:
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Nakabayashi, Masaki
Okazaki, Tetsuji |
URL:
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In
this paper, we explore the role of the legal system in economic
development, focusing on its relationship to the role of private
mechanisms
in contract enforcement. We use long-term prefecture-level panel data
that cover the early stages of industrialization and urbanization in
Japan. We found that industrialization increased the demand for civil
lawsuits, but that this was conditional on urbanization.
In other words, increased demand for civil suits occurred only where
industrialization and urbanization simultaneously progressed. At the
same time, the inefficiency of the legal system impeded industrial
growth, but only conditional on urbanization. That
is, the inefficiency of the legal system impeded industrialization only
in urban areas. These findings suggest that community-based contract
enforcement mechanisms worked in rural areas and that these mechanisms
were replaced by the formal legal system as
urbanization progressed and community ties declined.
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Keywords:
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Court, Law, Contract Enforcement, Economic Development, Japan
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JEL:
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K10
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Date:
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2011
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By:
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MAURO BOIANOVSKY (UNB)
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URL:
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Date:
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2011
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By:
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BERNARDO MUELLER (UNB)
LEE ALSTON (UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO) EDWYNA HARRIS (MONASH UNIVERSITY) |
URL:
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Date:
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2011-11-01
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By:
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Jain, Tarun
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URL:
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This
paper investigates the impact of language on economic performance. I
use the 1956 reorganization of Indian states on linguistic lines
as a natural experiment to estimate the impact of speaking the majority
language on educational and occupational outcomes. I find that
districts that spoke the majority language of the state during colonial
times enjoy persistent economic benefits, as evidenced
by higher educational achievement and employment in communication
intensive sectors. After reorganization, historically minority language
districts experience greater growth in educational achievement,
indicating that reassignment could reverse the impact
of history.
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Keywords:
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Language; Communication costs; Education; Occupational choice; Reorganization of Indian states
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JEL:
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I20
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Date:
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2011-08
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By:
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Alain Béraud (THEMA - Théorie économique, modélisation et applications - CNRS : UMR8184 - Université de Cergy Pontoise)
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URL:
|
|
Cet
article retrace les grandes lignes de l'évolution de la théorie
économique en s'interrogeant sur la pertinence et l'actualité de la
contribution
des économistes du passé.
|
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Keywords:
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Histoire de la pensée économique
|
Date:
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2011
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By:
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Fábio Pesavento
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URL:
|
Date:
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2011
|
By:
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Robert Rich
Joseph Tracy |
URL:
|
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This
paper examines the ex post flexibility of U.S. labor contracts during
the 1970-95 period by investigating whether unanticipated changes
in inflation increase the likelihood of a contract being renegotiated
prior to its expiration. We find strong empirical support for this
hypothesis. Specifically, our results indicate that renegotiations are
triggered principally by large and infrequent price
shocks of either sign. When combined with evidence that ex ante
contract durations are shorter during episodes of increased inflation
uncertainty, our results suggest that these contracts are flexible both
ex ante and ex post to changes in the evolution of
inflation.
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Keywords:
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Labor contract ; Inflation (Finance) ; Uncertainty
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